LATE-QUATERNARY MAMMAL BONE PRETREATMENT FOR RADIOCARBON DATING - EXPERT SURVEY

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Section 1 of 4

THEME
+ This survey attempts to assess the importance of pretreatment of animal and human samples (bone, tooth, ivory) for radiocarbon dating from 50,000 radiocarbon years BP to Modern (Late Pleistocene to Present).
+ The survey can be completed in 5 to 10 minutes and has 4 sections as follows: 
        # section 1 (expertise) = 3 questions
        # section 2 (pretreatment) = 4 questions    
        # section 3 (samples) = 3 questions
        # section 4 (optional responses) = 2 questions

COMPLETION
+ To complete the survey, please click on the 'FILL OUT FORM' tab below.
+ You can revise your responses by clicking on 'Edit your response' _after_ submitting the survey. Please note that if you navigate back to a previous section before submitting the survey, your responses will be erased. 
+ Kindly submit your responses by 15 December 2019.

ETHICS
The survey is strictly anonymous and has been approved by the Office of Research Ethics, Compliance and Integrity of the University of Adelaide (Australia) with Ethics Approval number H-2019-240. For any details, you can access the 'Participant Information Sheet' at https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xOWZo9IwxTerSyBUNDDv4pSnhjuc1bIc

Discipline that best describes YOUR EXPERTISE

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Question type

Anthropology

Archaeology

Biochemistry and Chemistry

Botany

Climatology

Ecology (Modern)

Ecology (Palaeoecology)

Evolutionary Biology

Genetics

Geochemistry

Geochronology

Geology

Marine Biology

Microbiology

Museum Studies (Curator, Collection Manager, Preparator)

Oceanography

Palaeontology

Physics

Zoology

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TAXA your work/research mostly focuses on using radiocarbon measurements

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Animals

Humans

Both animals and humans

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Have you ever worked at a radiocarbon DATING LABORATORY?

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YES

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After section 1

Section 2 of 4

Please RANK each of the pretreatments below from 1 (weakly reliable) to 5 (strongly reliable) to REMOVE CONTAMINATION with exogenous carbon from a bone, tooth or ivory sample prior to radiocarbon dating?

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Question type

I don't know / I am unsure

1 (weakly reliable)

5 (strongly reliable)

Hydroxyproline isolation from collagen gelatine

Ultrafiltration (>30 kDa) of collagen gelatine

XAD purification of collagen gelatine

Collagen gelatinization with none of the previous three pretreatments

Rows

Hydroxyproline isolation from collagen gelatine

Ultrafiltration (>30 kDa) of collagen gelatine

XAD purification of collagen gelatine

Collagen gelatinization with none of the previous three pretreatments

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I don't know / I am unsure

1 (weakly reliable)

5 (strongly reliable)

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If you KNEW that a bone, tooth or ivory sample was SEVERELY CONTAMINATED with exogenous carbon, what pretreatment would you PREFER to be applied to the sample prior to radiocarbon dating?

Question

Question type

Hydroxyproline isolation from collagen gelatine

Ultrafiltration (>30 kDa) of collagen gelatine

XAD purification of collagen gelatine

Gelatinization with none of the previous three pretreatments

I don't know / I am unsure

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Add "Other"

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When SUBMITTING a bone, tooth or ivory sample to a radiocarbon dating laboratory, do you normally REQUEST a specific pretreatment method?

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YES

NO - pretreatment normally depends on the lab’s recommendations or experience

I have never submitted bone, tooth or ivory samples to a radiocarbon dating laboratory

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When you COLLECT/USE a radiocarbon date of a bone, tooth or ivory sample FROM THE LITERATURE for your own research, have you ever considered pretreatment information as a criterion to rank its reliability?

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YES

I have never collected/used radiocarbon dates from the literature

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After section 2

Section 3 of 4

Before SUBMITTING a bone, tooth or ivory sample to a radiocarbon dating laboratory, do you EXPECT or SUSPECT that the sample is CONTAMINATED with exogenous carbon?

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Always

Often

Sometimes

Never

I have never submitted a bone, tooth or ivory sample to a radiocarbon dating facility

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Before EXTRACTING COLLAGEN from a bone, tooth or ivory sample prior to radiocarbon dating, do you EXPECT or SUSPECT that the sample is CONTAMINATED with exogenous carbon?

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Always

Often

Sometimes

Never

I have never extracted collagen from a bone, tooth or ivory sample

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Please RANK from lowest (rank = 1) to highest (rank = 5) importance each of the following CRITERIA to choose pretreatment before submitting bone, tooth or ivory samples to a radiocarbon dating laboratory.

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Question type

1 (lowest importance)

5 (highest importance)

Available amount of bone per sample

Price per sample

Research question under investigation

I let the dating lab decide

I choose pretreatment offered only by dating facilities with high international reputation

Geographical origin of the bones

Study species

A priori knowledge of contamination

Journal/Book/Report I am going to publish the C14 dates in

Return time of dating results from the dating facility

Rows

Available amount of bone per sample

Price per sample

Research question under investigation

I let the dating lab decide

I choose pretreatment offered only by dating facilities with high international reputation

Geographical origin of the bones

Study species

A priori knowledge of contamination

Journal/Book/Report I am going to publish the C14 dates in

10.

Return time of dating results from the dating facility

11.

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1 (lowest importance)

5 (highest importance)

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After section 3

Section 4 of 4

(Optional response) Please CITE one RESEARCH PAPER that you would cite to support your choice of the most reliable pretreatment of a bone, tooth or ivory sample for radiocarbon dating

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(Optional response) Please feel free to MAKE COMMENTS about (i) the content or format of this survey and/or (ii) your experience in dating bone, tooth or ivory samples

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Discipline that best describes YOUR EXPERTISE